Common Abbreviations Used in Essay Notes, References, and Bibliographies

app.

art.

bk

c.

cf.

ch., c.

col., cols

comp. comps

div.

ed, eds

edn, edns

eq., eqs

et al.

et seq.

ex. exx.

f., ff.

fig., figs

fn., fnn.

ibid.

id.

ill., ills

inf.

l., ll.

loc. cit.

MS. MSS

n., nn.

n.d.

no., nos

n.p.

op. cit.

p. pp.

para., paras

passim

pl.

pt. pts

q.v., qq.v.

r., rr.

rev.

sc.

sec., s., ss.

ser.

st.

sup.

supp.

trans.

v., vv.

vide

vol. vols

appendix

article

book

approximately, about (Latin circa) e.g. c. 1936

compare (Latin confer)

chapter (c. for legislation)

column(s)

compiler(s)

division

editor(s)

edition(s)

equation(s)

and others (Latin et alii)

and following (Latin et sequentes)

example(s)

following

figure(s)

footnote(s)

in the same work (Latin ibidem)

the same (Ladin idem)

illustrator(s)

below (Latin infra)

line(s)

in the place cited (Latin loco citato)

manuscript(s) (Latin manuscriptum(a))

note(s)

no date

number(s)

no place

in the work cited (Latin opere citato)

page(s)

paragraph(s)

here and there, throughout (a word, not an abbreviation)

plate (plural plates)

part(s)

which see (Latin  quod vide, quae vide)

regulation(s)

revised, reviser

scene

section (s. and ss. for legislation)

series

stanza

above (Latin supra)

supplement

translator(s)

verse(s)

see (a word, not an abbreviation)

volume(s)

All these abbreviations, including the Latin terms, are presented as is (no italics), and always start with a lower-case letter, even when they appear at the beginning of a note.